Your upstream power levels are fine. An attenuator literally won't do anything to your connection except add one more source of impedance mismatch, thus having your modem distort its upstream carrier waveforms even more to overcome the new impedance. You can have them at 30 dbmv and it won't effect packetloss (as long as there is no noise on your drop or house wiring). As long as your modem is transmitting enough power to reach the CMTS around 0, its fine (you dont want it above 49 though or below 28 but that is a technical write up for another day which gets into group delay issues).
As to your upload issue, cox can only guarantee your speeds within its network. Remember, you are only testing using a single source. You are given 30 up on your plan which included multiple sources. Number of hops and distance you're testing to or uploading to effects the speed your can transfer at. You also have to remember the upstream is a small slice of bandwidth in a node (120 mbps max throughput with 4 upstream carriers at 64 QAM, but really 100 mbps when you take in overheard and how the upstream uses A-TDMA) and packets are prioritized with tags. VOIP on MTAs get the top priority, then other real time streaming such as videoconferencing and so on and so forth with ICMP (ping tests) having the lowest.
The only things really that can effect your upstream speeds within cox's immediate network is noise or congestion. If you are getting your full upload speeds when testing to a local server either in Cox's network or in the local vicinity, then likely there is nothing crazy going on in the network. If you still feel like you're getting juked out of your speeds to an outside source, you can try to get an engineer to ensure the backend and backhaul routers are in good health (and 99.999% of the time they are).
Just my 2 cents. If anyone would like to point out an error on my part, please feel free.